Utilizing the Freedom of Information Act, Marks pried 16,000 pages of documents out of the CIA and in 1979 published his book, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, subtitled “The CIA and Mind Control: The Story of the Agency’s Secret Efforts to Control Human Behavior.” Issued by a subdivision of The New York Times and no “extremist tract” by any estimation, Marks’s book remains the standard on this subject.
Marks revealed that the impetus for the CIA’s mind-control operations came from Richard Helms, who later became CIA director. Helms’s idea was approved by then-CIA chief Allen Dulles. Under the supervision of James Angleton, the CIA’s chief of counterintelligence and devoted CIA liaison to Israel’s Mossad, chief of operations for the experiments was Sidney Gottlieb, the director of the CIA’s technical services section, TSS.
According to Marks, in June 1960 Gottlieb launched an expanded program of operational experiments in hypnosis in cooperation with the CIA’s counterintelligence [CI] staff who believed the hypnosis program could provide “a potential breakthrough in clandestine technology.”
The MKUltra staff focused on developing mind-control techniques in the laboratory while CIA operators handled “field experimentation” in order to achieve three goals, as described by Marks: “(1) to induce hypnosis very rapidly in unwitting subjects; (2) to create durable amnesia; and (3) to implant durable and operationally useful posthypnotic suggestions.”
Among the “additional avenues to the control of human behavior” Gottlieb found appropriate to investigate were “radiation, electro-shock, various fields of psychology, psychiatry, sociology and anthropology, graphology, harassment substances and paramilitary devices and materials.”
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